Multiple meta-analyses have not found a significant association between coffee or caffeine intake and bone mineral density. However, results vary, likely due to differences in gender, geographic location, and distinctions between coffee and caffeine consumption1-6.
Where moderate coffee consumption has been suggested to be associated with a reduced risk of fracture or osteoporosis, some studies have specifically highlighted a potential dose-dependent effect3,4,6. These also however recommended further research to establish the exact role and relationship of coffee and caffeine on this effect. Varying results include a 2023 umbrella review, which suggested that reducing intake of alcohol and coffee may instead reduce risk of osteoporosis2.
For context, the European Food Safety Authority’s (EFSA) review of caffeine safety concluded that an intake of up to 400mg of caffeine per day from all sources is safe for most adults, except pregnant women for whom a limit of 200mg per day is advised7. A cup of coffee contains approximately 75mg of caffeine.
As populations age globally, bone health and risk of fracture remains a significant public health concern8. Advancing age is one of the key risk factors for fractures, with the progression of frailty in older adults characterised by weakness, slow walking speed, and a tendency to fall9-11. Recent research has indicated that intake of caffeinated coffee may be associated with lower odds of frailty9.
The exact mechanisms linking caffeine and bone health remain unclear, with further research needed due to inconsistent findings 12-13.
The content in this overview was last edited in July 2025. Papers in the latest research section and further resources are added regularly.
